Cardus staff respond on the blog, Cardus, After Hours. Visit our informal musings to read our punditry and analysis in anticipation of tomorrow's budget.

Cardus president Michael Van Pelt was interviewed on CBC Radio's As It Happens March 2nd, talking about a 2006 Cardus paper he co-wrote with director of research Ray Pennings, Replacing the Pan-Canadian Consensus. Michael talks about the prescience of that analysis, now almost half a decade old, and argues for Canada's need to invest in its charitable sector in the March 4th federal budget.Listen here.

There are important lessons to be learned from Canada's prompt and widely commended response to the January catastrophe in Haiti. Within hours of the tragedy, Canada's recently purchased CF-17 heavy lift aircraft were airborne carrying two helicopters with ground crew and equipment. This stood in stark contrast to Canada's response to the Indonesian tsunami in 2004. Canada's military transport capacity had not yet been updated and it took several days before the Canadian Forces could lease cargo space from a civilian charter company in order to get aid to where it was needed. The infrastructure of delivering help to those who need it is not only relevant when it comes to airplanes and responding to disasters. Every day Canadians rely on an extensive foundation provided by the charitable and not-for-profit sector to deliver the sorts of everyday social services that are often taken for granted. In October 2009, a study by the Cardus think-tank, titled A Canadian Culture of Generosity, pondered the implications of Canada's impending 'social deficit': how our institutions are going to suffer from the steady decline in charitable giving, volunteering and civic engagement. The study showed how a relatively small proportion of the population,” the 'civic core', provides the vast majority of the needed resources in the charitable sector. A major concern is that this core is declining by 1% to 2% per year, raising obvious concerns about what this social infrastructure will look like a decade from now. A February 2010 Cardus research paper, Shifting Demand for Social Services (both papers are available at cardus.ca), has crunched the numbers from Statistics Canada to identify the segments of our population most at risk from this gap. While the data are complex and not given to simple summary, the conclusion is clear. Demographics, immigration and urbanization will combine to put upward pressure on what is expected from charitable organizations. Canada's demographic mix is in the midst of a radical shift. In 2001, one in eight Canadians was over the age of 65. By 2026, it will be one in five; by 2030, one in four. The impact of this change for programs that assist the elderly with independent daily living is obvious. Less often considered is the impact on the elderly's extended family members. An increasing proportion of the population will be asked to care for their own older relatives, decreasing the time, resources and energy they are likely to provide to the charitable sector. Canada will also continue to rely on significant immigration levels to maintain its population. Programs to assist with integration, settlement and language training, delivered largely by communities and the non-profit sector, are becoming more important in our social infrastructure. It is projected that the immigrant populations in Canada's major cities will increase by about 10% between 2001 and 2017. Mostly because of their countries of origin, fewer and fewer immigrants are arriving with a working knowledge of English or French. Data suggest that for the first five years after immigration, 19% of immigrants are persistently poor and almost 60% remain in low income categories. Finally, the impacts of urbanization and changing family structures (particularly growing lone-parent families and unattached individuals) also suggest population segments likely to need more social services. Some factors will mitigate the growing gap, including better private pension support and rising education levels. But the net effect will probably be more demand for help. It does not take a degree in economics to understand the impact of decreasing supply and increasing demand. But given that the subject involves social services, the price that will be paid is more than a future increased tax bill. The current economic challenges have already impacted the charitable sector in a significant way. In the federal government's 2008 tax expenditure estimates, the charitable donation credit was projected to cost the federal treasury $2.79-billion and the 2010 projection was $2.95-billion. The 2009 estimates reduced these to $2.3-billion for 2009 and did not make a projection for 2010. We know that 2008 charitable donations declined by 5.3% and while 2009 numbers are not yet available, it is widely expected that there will be a further decrease of at least that proportion. In 2004, the federal government paid a premium in order to secure airlift capacity and the support offered to the tsunami victims was less than optimal. An investment in transport infrastructure provided the opportunity to make a more efficient and timely response in 2010. A similar investment is presently needed in Canada's social infrastructure. There is no single solution. However, Cardus' recommendation that the upcoming federal budget increase the charitable tax credit from 29% to 42% for donations over $200 is a place to start. This strategic change would not only provide short-term stimulus to Canada's silent partners, but would also clearly recognize the long-term importance of this sector to our social fabric.

The government's so-called "concession" on sex education in faith schools has unleashed a predictable array of responses: angry denunciation from Accord Coalition, lofty condescension from the Guardian, and splenetic hysteria from Mark Steel. On the surface, the issue appears to be just another spat in the mounting controversy over the place of faith in public life. Faith communities are presented as demanding special treatment from government and, instantly, opposing infantries take up their positions and launch the bombardment. But underlying these surface altercations is a deeper but concealed fissure between two distinct models of public diversity – individualism and pluralism. Unless these models are made explicit and critically assessed the chasm will only deepen and the debate become yet further mired in confusion and sullied by pointless name-calling. On the individualist model, the overriding goal of the state is to enforce diversity by guaranteeing extensive individual equality rights across the whole of society. The full package of such rights is assertable not only within state institutions but also within any publicly-funded institution, and even, on an extreme version, within every private institution. Diversity is secured by enforcing rights which compel universal respect for particular aspects of individual identity: gender, nationality, sexual orientation and so forth. The great strength of the individualist model is that it protects all individual citizens against arbitrary discrimination both within the public sector and in wider society. This is easiest to see in racial discrimination: not only must the state treat racially distinct individuals equally, so must non-state institutions. The only possible exception might be ethnic community associations where ethnicity could be an important occupational requirement. An often unstated assumption is that institutions other than the state have no secure rights of their own to decide on individual conduct within their own sphere. Whatever rights to self-government they may have can readily be overridden by the universal imperatives of the state. So the serious weakness of the model is that as the scope of public equality rights expands it threatens to encroach on areas of autonomy at the core of the diverse identities and goals of non-state institutions, a point eloquently stated recently by Jonathan Sacks. By contrast, the pluralist model holds that the state must not only protect a robust regime of individual equality rights but also underwrite the legitimate autonomy of many independent social institutions, families, schools, religious organisations, trade unions, universities, businesses, cultural associations, and so on. It honours these as arenas in which individuals discover and express many aspects of their diverse goals and identities. It also acknowledges that any of these could choose to be "faith-based", my local food cooperative in Cambridge is quite openly guided by a biblical vision of trade justice, and pluralists would defend its right to hire only staff who support that ethos. On the pluralist model, the self-governance rights of institutions are not created by the state. The model seeks to protect diversity not only among equal individuals but also among equal institutions (some of which will pursue distinct moral or religious purposes). This involves striking a judicious and sometimes difficult balance, not so much between individuals and institutions as between two facets of individual human flourishing: our need for separateness and our right to belong. There is a necessary debate to be had over where precisely the balance should lie between protecting these two kinds of diversity. So let's have such a debate. It should cover not only current neuralgic issues such as sex education or Catholic adoption agencies but broaden out to include issues barely on the public agenda: for example, should publicly-funded faith schools have the autonomy to offer a truly faith-based economics or environmental curriculum based on a biblical vision of justice, stewardship and sustainability? Or should they be forced to teach neo-liberal orthodoxy premised on rational utility maximisation, the paradigm tacit in most economics textbooks. For such a debate to be honest, let each side openly declare which is their preferred model of diversity, individualism or pluralism, and not simply lambast each other as either secular liberal totalitarians or reactionary religious bigots. Workable, mutually respectful compromises might then begin to stagger out of the fog of mutual recrimination. A final friendly word of advice to Christian schools: don't fight the battle only over your right to teach kids the bizarre and counter-cultural message that sexual abstinence is healthier than casual experimentation. Fight it also over your right to teach them the no less subversive message that libertarian economics is incompatible with Christian faith.

Preston Manning has spoken so often of the need for public policy to be backed by a clearly articulated vision that his mission is becoming synonymous with the legend of Sisyphus, the mythical Greek king condemned to spend eternity rolling a boulder up a hill only to have it roll down again. Having led a political movement -- Reform -- that never gained power but effectively dictated the fiscal agenda of the 1990s, he must now watch as Alberta's balanced budget boulder tumbles relentlessly back to exactly where it started a generation or so ago. Whether that is necessary, wise or unwise, is another debate but on Manning's dark days, it must seem as if it has all been for naught. The need for vision, a word the host of the Conference on Alberta's future held on the weekend of Feb. 5, has been used so relentlessly that many of us now hear it in Manning's unique accent, must remain a task as eternal as the boulder's inevitable return to the base of the hill. While the tendency among politicians at the Edmonton event (Calgary MLA Kyle Fawcett of the governing Progressive Conservatives and Danielle Smith, leader of the suddenly popular conservative Wildrose Alliance) was to articulate vision through policy, most participants of all inclinations still similarly struggled to meet Manning's challenge of an intellectual core purpose: a set of shared and deeply held beliefs beyond the desire to hold and maintain power. Whether you agree or disagree, these motivations have from time to time existed only to eventually fade into the fog of those who find core ideas too, well, lacking in the moral flexibility required to deviate from them when expedience demands. They have, however, produced some notable hits when adhered to and, when they are pushed aside, some notable misses are evident. Choice, introduced confidently and boldly in the 1990s, has produced an education system that has room for two publicly funded systems (one secular and one separate/Catholic), private schools, charter schools, faith-based schools and, for those who prefer none of the above, publicly funded home-schooling. This was implemented because those who did so believed that choice creates better outcomes and, if the performance of Alberta students in international tests is anything to go by, it works. According to the provincial Education Ministry website, Alberta students scored the highest marks in the world in international testing of their reading skills and were among the top three in science and mathematics. Unfortunately, the chief miss is the other primary area of provincial jurisdiction -- health care. Here is where, when it came to the opportunity for the sort of systemic reform that many agree is required to ensure a sustainable system into the future, Alberta's confidence in its belief system crumbled and the opportunity for sustainable, productive reform was lost. Not only is there little if any choice in Alberta's system, its failure to articulate and communicate its beliefs in this area have led to a system that is, of all the provinces, by far the most expensive (Alberta spending per capita is 30 per cent higher than in Quebec, which is the most innovative province when it comes to health-care choice) yet appears to produce no better outcomes. Alberta will increase its health-care spending this year by 17 per cent. In 20 years, health-care spending in Alberta has grown from 27 per cent of total provincial spending to 44 per cent. At that pace, health care will consume 71 per cent of total provincial spending by 2030. Alberta had the strut of a high school quarterback when it came to education reform. But when it came to health care it showed all the confident grace of a chess club Trekkie stammering in the presence of the popular girls at the high school dance. At Manning's Edmonton conference, Fawcett, Smith and others spoke of the need for Alberta to worry less about what the popular girls think and more about what it believes to be right; to become fully mature, "think big" and -- as they say in Alberta -- "cowboy up" to its role as a leader on the national, if not the international stage in the 21st century. No doubt it will. The question is: which party's leader will be holding the reins? Ray Pennings is a senior fellow and vice-president of research in Calgary for Cardus -- a think-tank based in Hamilton, Ont.

Guelph Mercury covers the new Cardus book, Think Different. Read the entire column here.

At the beginning of the week Jonathan Bartley argued here, as he routinely does via his Christian think-tank Ekklesia, against recognising churches' legal right to hire staff according to their own beliefs. He didn't frame it in that unflattering way, of course. Instead he tried to justify the significant curtailment of corporate religious freedom his view implies by appealing to an unanswerable claim: that Christian love mandates treating people inclusively, with equal regard. Well he's right about that. But he simply bypasses the question of what equal regard actually means in practice. A moment's thought reveals that equal regard can't possibly mean treating every individual identically. Jesus certainly wasn't being very "inclusive" in castigating the oppressive religious leaders of his time as "whitewashed sepulchres", or turfing out the corrupt money-changers from the temple. Acts of justice are acts of discrimination and exclusion. Anti-racist laws rightly exclude racist behaviour: that's their particular way of showing equal regard love to people of colour. A coherent idea of discrimination requires a substantive account of justice, and that includes defining what legitimate rights individuals and organisations actually possess. All British citizens properly possess the prima facie individual right not to be discriminated against, in matters like employment, housing and social services, on grounds of race, gender or sexual orientation. This is because these involuntary markers of identity are completely irrelevant to such matters. I said "prima facie" because even here there exist widely recognised and uncontroversial exceptions, often arising from the rights of organisations. A rape crisis centre surely has the right to discriminate against men when hiring its counselling staff (perhaps any staff). An African-Caribbean community centre obviously can't be compelled by law to hire a white guy like me as its director. The Labour party is evidently entitled to discriminate on ideological grounds in hiring its research staff. These are all examples of what the law calls a "genuine occupational requirement" (GOR). The idea is simple and compelling: every independent civil society organisation has a prima facie right to maintain its identity and mission by hiring staff who will support the distinctive purposes of the organisation and uphold its raison d'etre. This isn't a "privilege", as is often tendentiously suggested, but merely a condition of meaningful self-government. Why then cry foul when religious organisations exercise their right to invoke the GOR provision? Why single them out and deny them the same rights enjoyed by others? Yet when they claim such a right, critics like Bartley routinely accuse them of seeking to claim "the right to discriminate". But this is nothing more than a rhetorical ploy concealing a conceptual sleight of hand. Of course churches are defending their right to discriminate in hiring, but this is nothing other than the right his own organisation would claim if a militant atheist sued Ekklesia for refusing to hire her. Bartley is fully entitled to argue that, from a Christian point of view, churches should not restrict staff positions to those who, for example, maintain traditional views of sexual ethics. That's an argument to be conducted within (or at least addressed to) the churches. But he is not entitled to call upon coercive law to force churches to conform to his views of sexual ethics, getting the state to succeed where he has failed. It's incredible that such a position should be advanced in pursuit of the principle of equal regard. So, unpalatable though it may be for some, Benedict XVI turns out to be right on this one: the equality bill, exemplary in many ways, should not be used as a Trojan horse to undermine the right of religious organisations to govern their own internal affairs. As political theorist Michael Walzer has argued, justice is complex, not simple; equality requires many things not just one thing. At least, it requires both equal individual rights against irrelevant discrimination and equal organisational rights to self-government. Happily, the House of Lords has seen sense on this and amended the bill in a way that brings these two classes of rights back into the balance established in 2003 (which was already quite restrictive). Contrary to what Terry Sanderson wrote on 26 January and as Ekklesia has also claimed, it has not granted an extension of rights to religious organisations. It would be foolish, mean-spirited and wrong-headed for the government to seek to overturn these modest and sensible amendments.

Jonathan appeared live on BNN (Canada's Business News Network), January 27th at approximately 2:45pm. The segment was archived on BNN's website www.bnn.ca for those of you who are interested and could not watch the live segment.Jonathan was asked to comment on the Federal Reserve's statement which was released at 2:15pm the same day. This is a particularly important time for the Federal Reserve given the historically low interest rates, the record levels of 'quantitative easing' (code words for printing of money) and the fact that Chairman Ben Bernanke only has a few days left to be confirmed before his first 4 year term as Fed Chairman expires.Watch Jonathan Wellum's comments here.

Read the entire article here .